Lubrication is simply the use of a material to improve the smoothness if movement of one surface over another; the material which is used in this way is called a lubricant. Lubricants are usually liquids or semi-liquids, but may be solids or gases or any combination of solids, liquids, and gases.
Lubricant is a substance which is used to control (more often to reduce) friction and wear of the surfaces in a contact of the bodies in relative motion. Depending on its nature, lubricants are also used to eliminate heat and wear debris, supply additives into the contact, transmit power, protect, seal. A lubricant can be in liquid (oil, water, etc.), solid (graphite, graphene, and molybdenum disulfide), gaseous (air) or even semisolid (grease) forms. Most of the lubricants contain additives (5-30%) to improve their performance.
Lubricating oil creates a separating film between surfaces of adjacent moving parts to minimize direct contact between them, decreasing heat caused by friction and reducing wear. Lubricating oils are specially formulated oils that reduce friction between moving parts and help maintain mechanical parts. Lubricating oil is a thick fatty oil used to make the parts of a machine move smoothly.
Lubricating oil, sometimes simply called lubricant/lube, is a class of oils used to reduce the friction, heat, and wear between mechanical components that are in contact with each other. Lubricating oil is used in motorized vehicles, where it is known specifically as motor oil and transmission fluid.
Applications of Lubricants:
Lubricants are primarily used to reduce friction stress between surfaces. They have the following uses:
· As antiwear, antioxidants, and antifoaming agents.
· As demulsifying and emulsifying agents.
· As rust and corrosion inhibitors.
· In machinery as engine oils, compressor oils, gear oils, and piston oils.
· As hydraulic, brake, and gear box fluids.
· Used in the soap and paint industries.
· Some specific uses of certain variants of lubricants are:
· Synthetic lubricants are used in turbines, vacuum pumps, and semiconductor devices.
· Molybdenum is used as a paint pigment and as a catalyst.
· Liquid lubricants are used in medicines.
Lubricants are also used as cutting fluids in many industries. Oil, water, and oil emulsion are used as cutting fluids. These liquids are used to cool as well as to lubricate surfaces. Emulsions of oil in water are most widely used as cutting fluids. Lubricants are also used as cutting fluids in cutting, grinding, trading, and drilling of the metals. Cutting fluids are used in machining operations where friction is very high because of close contact between the work piece and the tool. This high friction generates a large amount of local heat and the tool is overheated and may even lose its temper and hardness. As a result, liquids, such as lubricating oils, water, or water emulsions are used on working parts of the machines.
The use of lubricating oils in vehicles is vital to their operation. When an engine is properly lubricated, it needs to put less work into moving pistons as the pistons glide easily. In the long run, this means that the car is able to operate while using less fuel and run at a lower temperature. Overall, the proper use of lubricating oil in a car improves efficiency and reduces the amount of wear and tear on moving engine parts.
Grease
A grease is best thought of as a sponge full of oil, with the sponge being the “base“ or thickener. It holds the oil and additives in place and gives the grease the basic characteristics such as drop point and water resistance. The oil content, typically 80-90% of the grease, provides most of the lubrication performance. To achieve the desired characteristics of a grease, careful selection of base lubricating oil viscosity, base type additives and fillers is essential.
When Are Greases Used
Greases are generally used in place of oil in the following situations:
· The manufacturer specifies a grease and a lubricant is not required for cooling.
· Where the grease acts as a seal to prevent entry of contaminants or loss of lubricant.
· Soft grease can be used in place of oils in gearboxes with worn or ineffective seal or where oils would be thrown off the bearing surfaces or leak past seals.
· Lubrication points can only be reached during maintenance shutdowns.
· It is important to maintain lubricant in the bearing area during periods of prolonged shutdowns or frequent stop-start operations (oil drains away when a machine is stopped but a grease does not).
· Where noise reduction is important.
· To decrease the frequency of lubrication.
· In worn bearings previously lubricated by oil to reduce noise and extend useful life.
· Resists leakage, dripping or undesirable throw off.
· The main advantage of grease over a fluid are its potentially longer life convenience and ease of application.
Market Outlook
The main role of a lubricant is to reduce friction between metal surfaces, leading to reduction of heat generation and ultimately to the protection of the parts. Lubricants play an important role in a variety of automotive, commercial and industrial applications such as automotive, manufacturing, power generation and marine. Automotive vehicles require engine oils, transmission fluids, brake fluids and greases.
The main role of a lubricant is to reduce friction between metal surfaces, leading to reduction of heat generation and ultimately to the protection of the parts. Lubricants play an important role in a variety of automotive, commercial and industrial applications such as automotive, manufacturing, power generation and marine. Automotive vehicles require engine oils, transmission fluids, brake fluids and greases.
A total of 64,585 KL of lubricants, worth of LKR 26.11 billion were sold during the year 2016, up 11.4 % compared to the total sales (quantity) of the year 2015.
Lubricant consumption in India stood at around 2.9 million MT during 2013-14, registering a healthy growth rate of 7.6% during 2008-13; the market was valued at around INR 260 billion. Automotive lubricants account for around 47% of the lubricant usage in India; industrial lubes and process oils together account for the rest.
Currently, USA is the largest consumer of lubricant oil across the world. China and India comes at second and third position respectively. The consumption pattern In Indian lubricant oil industry is similar to world lube industry. Majority of lubricant is being consumed by automobile sector (55%), rest is being used for Industrial purpose and marine industry.
Industrial lubricants are majorly used in the core industrial sectors such as spamming cement, coal, steel, engineering, sugar, marine, defense, railways, power, surface transport, fertilizer and others. The business is driven by growth in infrastructure investments, manufacturing, mining sector and increased manufacturing exports. In this segment demand for high performance lubricants are driven by applications such as compressors, textile machinery windmills, captive power plants and others. One of the essentials in lubricant science is world-class technology. Lubricant technology is driven by the changing needs of the customers and stakeholders.
As the global lubricants market volume expected to grow from an estimated 38,635.3 KT in 2014 to 42,780.7 KT by 2019, with a CAGR of 2.4 per cent between 2014 and 2019, India is set to put its foots into the path of economic growth as well.
Automotive is the largest and fastest-growing end-use industry for grease. The passenger vehicles and commercial vehicles are driving the demand for high performance grease in the automotive industry. In the automotive industry, grease is extensively used in various auto parts such as wheel bearings, universal joints, suspensions, gears, switches, and connectors because of their excellent properties such as mechanical stability, temperature tolerance, water resistance, and anti-oxidants. The need for high performance grease is rising in the increasing manufacturing of machines and equipment for end-use industries.
Industrial greases market trails the GDP due to their widespread application in manufacturing of goods and automotive maintenance operations. Due to the surge in manufacturing in Asia Pacific, the industrial greases market in the region is estimated to witness growth, expanding at a CAGR of 6.3% between 2015 and 2021 in terms of revenue. With the anticipated increase in manufacturing in China in the coming years, the demand for industrial greases in the country is expected to rise between 2015 and 2021. With the rising operating time of machines and greater speed of operations, the need for industrial greases is expected to increase by 2021. Besides, with increase in mechanization of manufacturing activities in developed regions such as North America and Europe, demand for industrial greases is anticipated to increase in these markets.
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