Foods, Foods Adulterants, Beverages, Flavours Extracts
BREWING BEER:
Beer is produced by the alcoholic fermentation of a mixture of
malted barley and hops.
Barley is steeped in water to soften the husk and to make
the grain ready for the sprouting process. The moist grains are set
aside for about eight days during which time sprouting takes
place.
The grains are then dried and ground to a coarse powder.
The powder is placed in a mash tub and live steam is
applied to it. This converts the starch into maltose and other sugars.
This liquid which is called wort is heated, for several hours
and during this time hops are added. The hops give the beer its
bitter taste.
The solution is drawn off from the solid matter and cooled.
Yeast is now added and the fermentation which begins
almost immediately is allowed to continue for about. 10 to 12 days
depending upon the temperature.
The beer is then aged for several months and finally the clear
product is drawn off from the sediment and bottled.
Remedies for Fetid Breath.—Fetid breath may be due to the
expelled air (i. e.. to disease of the respirational tract), to gases thrown
oil from the digestive tract, or to a diseased mouth. In the first two cases
medication must be directed to the causative diseases, with the last,
antisepsis principally and the neutralization of the saliva, also the
removal of all residual food of dental caries.
1.— Potassium permanganate ............................. 1 part
Distilled water ............................................... 10 parts
Mix and dissolve. Add from 5 to 8 drops of this solution to a glass
of water and with it gargle the mouth.
2.— Infusion of salvia ....................................... 250 parts
Glycerine ........................................................ 30 parts
Tincture of myrrh .......................................... 12 parts
Tincture of lavender ...................................... 12 parts
Labarraque’s solution .................................. 30 parts
Mix. Rinse the mouth frequently with this mixture.
3.— Decoction of chamomile ............................... 30 parts
Glycerine ....................................................... 80 parts
Chlorinated water. ........................................ 15 parts
Mix. Use as a gargle and mouth wash.
4.—Peppermint water ........................................ 500 parts
Cherry-laurel water ....................................... 60 parts
Borax.............................................................. 25 parts
Mix and dissolve. Use as gargle and mouth wash.
5.— Thymol ............................................................. 3 parts
Spirit of cochlearia ..................................... 300 parts
Tincture of rhatany .................................... 100 parts
Oil of peppermint .......................................... 15 parts
Oil of cloves ................................................... 10 parts
Mix. Gargle and wash mouth well with 10 drops in a glass of
water.
6.— Salol .................................................................. 5 parts
Alcohol ...................................................... 1,000 parts
Tincture of white canella .............................. 30 parts
Oil of peppermint ............................................ 1 part
Mix. Use as a dentifrice.
7.— Hydrogen peroxide ....................................... 25 parts
Distilled water ............................................ 100 parts
Mix. Gargle the mouth twice daily with 2 tablespoonfuls of the
mixture in a glass of water.
8.— Sodium bicarbonate ...................................... 2 parts
Distilled water .............................................. 70 parts
Spirit of cochlearia ....................................... 30 parts
Mix a half-teaspoonful in a wine-glassful of water. Wash
mouth two or three times daily.
BRICK STAIN
To stain brick flat the color of brown-stone, add black to
Venetian red until the desired shade is obtained. If color ground in
oil is used, thin with turpentine, using a little japan as a drier. If
necessary to get the desired shade add yellow ocher to the mixture
of red and black. If the work is part old and part new, rub the wall
down, using a brick
BURNS:
Mixture for Burns. — 1.— A mixture of castor oil with the
while of egg is recommended for burns. The eggs are broken into a
bowl and the castor oil slowly poured in while the eggs are
beaten. Enough oil is added to make a thick, creamy paste, which
is applied to the burn. The applications are repeated often enough
to prevent their becoming dry or sticky. Leave the surface uncovered.
2.—Put 27 parts, by measure, of menthol into 44 parts, by
measure, of witch hazel (distillate) and apply freely. A good plan is
to bandage the parts and wet the wrappings with this mixture.
3.—A very efficacious remedy for burns is a solution of cooking
salt in water. It is best to immerse fingers, hands, and arms in the
solution, which must be tolerably strong. For burns in the face
and other parts of the body, salt water poultiees are applied.
BUTTER
Butter Color.—Orlean, 80 parts, by weight; curcuma root
(turmeric), 80 parts, by weight; olive oil, 240 parts, by weight:
saffron, 1 part, by weight: alcohol. 5 parts, by weight. The orlean
and turmeric are macerated with olive oil and expressed. The
weight of the filtered liquid‘s made up again to 240 parts, by
weight, with olive oil, next the filtered saffron-alcohol extract is
added, and the alcohols expelled again by heating the mixture.
Artificial Butter. — 1. — Carefully washed beef suet
furnishes a basis for the manufactures of an edible substitute
for natural butter. The thoroughly washed and finely chopped
suet is rendered in a steam-heated tank; 1,000 parts of fat, 300 parts
of water. 1 part of potassium carbonate, and 2 stomachs of pigs
or sheep, are taken. The temperature of the mixture is raised to
1130 F. After 2 hours, under the influence of the pepsin in the
stomachs, the membranes are dissolved and the fat is melted and
rises to the top of the mixture. After the addition of a little salt the
melted fat is drawn off, stood to cool so as to allow the stearine
and palmitin to separate, and then pressed in bags in a hydraulic
press. Forty to 50 per cent of solid stearine remains, while 50 to 60
per cent of fluid olcopamitin (so-called “oleomargarine”) is pressed
out. The “oleo oil” is then mixed with 10 per cent of its weight of
milk and a little butter color and churned. The product is then
worked, salted, and constituted the “oleomargarine,” or butter
substitute. Leaf lard can be worked in the same way as beef suet,
and will yield an oleopalmitin suitable for churning up into a
butter substitute.
2.—Fat from freshly slaughtered cattle after thorough
washing is placed in clean water and surrounded with ice,
where it is allowed to remain until all animal heat has been
removed. It is then cut into small pieces by machinery and cooked
at a temperature of about 150° F. (65.6° C.) until the fat in liquid
form has separated from the tissue, then settled until it is perfectly
clear. Then it is drawn into the graining vats and allowed to
stand for a day, when it is ready for the presses. The pressing
extracts the stearine, leaving a product commercially known as
oleo oil which, when churned with cream or milk, or both, and
with usually a proportion of creamery butter, the whole being
properly salted, gives the new food product, oleomargarine.
3.—In making butterine use neutral lard, which is made
from selected leaf lard in a very similar manner to oleo oil,
excepting that no stearine is extracted. This neutral lard is cured
in salt brine for from 48 to 70 hours at an ice-water temperature. It
is then taken and, with the desired proportion of oleo oil and fine
butter, is churned with cream and milk, producing an article
wiiich when properly salted and packed is ready for the market.
In both cases coloring matter is used, which is the same as that
used by dairymen to color their butter. At certain seasons of the
year — viz., in cold weather, a small quantity of sesame oil or
salad oil made from cottonseed oil is used to soften the texture of
the product.
Pharmaceuticals and Proprietary
Aspirin Tablets
Aside from other properties acetylsalicylic
acid tablets must
have good appearance and must dissolve rapidly in the stomach.
Such tablets are made with base of 240 parts pulverized arrowroot
starch and 240 parts heavy magnesium oxide. Base is well mixed
and screened. Then it is moistened with solution of coconut oil, 10
parts in about 400 parts ether, and moistened mass screened again.
Powder is spread on paper and ether evaporates. Acetylsalicylic
acid, 2000 parts, are added and mixture carefully mixed to perfect
homogeneity. Then it is mixed with acetone as required, about 30
parts to 250 parts powder. After drying and heating for 2 hours at
50ºC,
2530 parts of the granulated mass are mixed with 30 parts
pulverized agaragar,
60 parts arrowroot
starch and 80 parts
pulverized talc. When unit of weight used is gram, 4000 tablets can
be prepared from final mixture, each tablet weighing 0.7 gram and
containing 0.5 gram of acetylsalicylic acid. To prevent powder
from tablets from penetrating into lower die on tabletmaking
machine, latter is covered with cotton threads impregnated with
paraffin oil.
Asthma Remedy
The following is smoked in a pipe or as a cigarette.
Powdered Grindelia Robusta ............................. 240 gm.
Powdered Jaborandi Leaves .............................. 240 gm.
Powdered Eucalyptus Leaves ............................ 120 gm.
Powdered Cubeb ................................................. 120 gm.
Powdered Stramonium Leaves.......................... 450 gm.
Powdered Potassium Nitrate ............................. 360 gm.
Powdered Cascarilla Bark .................................... 30 gm.
Burn Treatment
Gum Tragacanth .................................................... 30
Gentian Violet (1% sol.) .................................... 1000
Allow to swell; warm and stir. Applied to burns this leaves a
thin moist, cooling, protective layer and rapid healing results.
Calamine Lotion
Calamine .................................................................. 8.00
Zinc Oxide ............................................................... 16.00
Glycerin ................................................................... 15.00
Lime Water ............................................................. 60.00
Rose Water q.s.ad. ................................................ 120.00
Camphor Ice
Castor Oil ................................................................ 25 oz.
White Beeswax ....................................................... 15 oz.
Spermacetum .......................................................... 49 oz.
Camphor Powder................................................... 10 oz.
Ethyl Amino Benzoate ............................................ 1 oz.
Carbolic Acid .......................................................... 20 gr.
Melt Castor Oil, Beeswax and Spermacetum together and
add Camphor and Ethyl Amino Benzoate. Stir until dissolved.
Then add Carbolic Acid and pour into molds.
Cream, Catarrh
Menthol ..................................................................... 2
Eucalyptol ................................................................. 3
Oil of Pumilio Pine .................................................. 3
White Beeswax ......................................................... 1
Hard Paraffin ............................................................ 6
White Soft Paraffin ................................................ 85
The beeswax and white soft paraffin are melted together and
stirred until nearly cold, and the medicaments, previously mixed,
are incorporated while the mass is still soft. Some form of closed
mixer is desirable, as otherwise there is considerable loss of menthol.
The directions on the tube and its carton recommend the frequent
use of the cream until the troublesome symptoms are relieved.
Pastilles, Catarrh
Gelatin ..................................................................... 20.0
Glycerin ................................................................... 40.0
Sucrose ....................................................................... 5.0
Citric Acid ................................................................. 2.0
Sodium Benzoate ..................................................... 0.2
Oil of Lemon ............................................................. 0.1
Solution of Carmine.................................. sufficient
Triple Orangeflower
Water ................................... 6.0
Distilled Water ................................................. to 100.0
The gelatin is soaked in one and a half times its weight of
water until softened, the glycerin is added, and the mixture heated
on a waterbath
until the gelatin has dissolved and the weight has
been reduced to 85. The acid and benzoate, dissolved in the orangeflower
water, are added, then the oil of lemon and the carmine
solution, followed by water to the required weight. The mass is
strained through muslin while still hot. A trial pastille is poured
and its weight ascertained. This weight is divided into the total
weight of the mass and sufficient medicament is added for the
number of pastilles that the mass is capable of making. Care should
be taken to avoid the formation of air bubbles when stirring in the
medicament. Metal moulds require to be very slightly lubricated
with almond oil before the mass is poured.
Menthol and eucalyptus pastilles contain about 1/6 gr. of
menthol and ½ m. of eucalyptol in each pastille.
Corn Remedy
Acetone .................................................................. 168 oz.
Castor Oil .................................................................. 3 oz.
Venice Turpentine ................................................... 6 oz.
Celluloid .................................................................. 10 oz.
Salicylic Acid .......................................................... 40 oz.
Ethyl Amino Benzoate .......................................... 10 oz.
Dissolve the Salicylic Acid and Ethyl Amino Benzoate in the
Acetone. Then add the Castor Oil and Venice Turpentine and
finally the celluloid. Allow this mixture to stand, stirring it now
and then until the Celluloid is completely dissolved. Then add
sufficient Oil Soluble Chlorophyll to color it dark green.
Corn Removers
Solution of monochloroacetic acid in ratio of 1: 2 is suitable,
but stronger solutions should not be used as they irritate skin.
Another preparation contains 10 parts salicylic acid and 90 parts
glacial acetic acid. This is thickened with mucilage containing 0.5
part gum tragacanth, 3 parts pectin, 3 parts glycerin and 43.5 parts
water. About 5 parts of this mixture is used for thickening the
preparation. Another composition contains 1 part glacial acetic
acid, 8 parts lactic acid, 3 parts dried salicylic acid crystals and 8
parts of aforementioned thickener. Formic acid and carbolic acid,
thickened with same thickener, may also be used.
Cough Lozenges
Extract Licorice ..................................... 34 oz. 125 gr.
Powdered Cubebs ................................ 11 oz. 188 gr.
Ethyl Amino Benzoate .......................... 2 oz. 125 gr.
DENTAL PREPARATIONS
Dentists’ Solution for Surface
Anaesthesis
Glycopon S .................................................... 80 fl. oz.
Ethyl Amino Benzoate .................................... 20 oz.
Oil Peppermint ........................................ 50 minims.
Applied to the gums this solution desensitizes quickly and
allows painless sealing. It also desensitizes the dentine and is
therefore valuable in treating cavities.
Antiseptic Toothache Drops
Beechwood Creosote ............................................. 15 oz.
Oil Clove.................................................................. 30 oz.
Cinnamic Aldehyde or Oil Cassia ....................... 20 oz.
Chloroform.............................................................. 30 oz.
Ethyl Amino Benzoate ............................................ 5 oz.
Mix Creosote with oils and Chloroform then add Ethyl Amino
Benzoate and stir until dissolved.
Toothache Gum
Yellow Beeswax...................................................... 60 oz.
Venice Turpentine ................................................. 10 oz.
Gum Mastic Powder .............................................. 10 Os.
Ethyl Amino Benzoate ............................................ 5 oz.
Dragon Blood Powder........................................... 10 oz.
Oil Clove.................................................................... 5 oz.
Melt Beeswax and Venice Turpentine together and add Gum
Mastic. Stir until dissolved. Then add Ethyl Amino Benzoate and,
when dissolved, Dragon Blood.
Stir until cooled to about 50ºC. then add Oil Clove and mold
into sticks.
Adhesives
Sticky Latex Adhesive
60% concentrated latex is diluted to a concentration of 45%
with water and stabilized by the addition of a small quantity of
casein dissolved in dilute ammonia (at the rate of 1 gram casein
per 100 cc. of the original concentrated latex). The latex mix is then
freed of ammonia as rapidly as possible by drawing air through it.
The next step is to place 150cc. of the ammonia-free latex in a
large vessel, as considerable frothing occurs, together with 12.5
cc. of 20-volume hydrogen peroxide. The liquid is then slowly but
efficiently stirred and warmed on a steam bath until forthing
subsides. This takes 20 to 30 minutes. The whole is then cooled,
and a further 12.5 cc. of the 20-volume peroxide added. Finally
the mix is heated for 3 to 4 hours on the steam bath, with constant
stirring. If any tendency to clotting appears, a little dilute
ammonia should be added. After cooling, the oxidized latex is strained,
and a small quantity of ammonia added as a preservative.
Liquid Glue
Animal glue is mixed with about 20-50% of urea or biuret
to form a product which is liquid at ordinary temperatures and
which is hygroscopic when dried and suitable for use on articles
which are to be exposed to low temperatures.
Liquid Glue
Liquefied Glue (conc.) ...................................... 100 parts
Lactic Acid, 85% U.S.P. ...................................... 10 parts
Alcohol (den.) ......................................................... 6 parts
Glycerin .................................................................... 2 parts
Boric Acid ................................................................ 1 part
Benzoic Acid ........................................................... 1 part
Oil of Sassafras sufficient to cover glue odor
Glue Defoaming
Forty parts paraffin wax and ten parts aluminum stearate
are heated until the aluminum stearate is dissolved. Fifty parts of
sulphonated tallow are added and the mixture is heated to about
75° C. for 15 minutes under constant stirring and allowed to cool.
As an example of the use of the defoaming agent, produced
as above, determine the amount of dry glue in the glue solution
to be treated, and add to the glue solution an amount of the
defoaming agent equal to two per cent of the amount of dry glue.
This mixture should be made at a temperature of 60° C. and when
thoroughly mixed, cooled and dried.
Glue Defoaming
In order to produce a smooth-working glue and to prevent
foaming when water related to the success or failure of the
treatment.
The rubber resin compounds in their solvents may be
spread upon the paper backing directly, utilizing a knife spreader
to uniformly and equally distribute this material upon the base
or backing. The solvent may thereafter be removed by evaporation,
preferably without recovering the solvent and leaving the rubber
mixture upon the paper backing.
Rubber Resin
2 lb. of plantation rubber.
5 lb. of Mexican or wild rubber, high in natural
resin content.
1 lb. of zinc oxide pigment.
The ingredients above enumerated are compounded on a
rubber mixing roll and then cut to the desired consistency in a
rubber solvent, based upon the necessary viscosity for spreading
this material. Ordinarily, the solvent is calculated by the number
of pounds of solid compound in one gallon of solvent such as, for
instance, 8 pounds of solid or compounded material and 1 gallon,
of benzol, which is commonly referred to as an 8 pound cut. The
variations in proportions of solvent added will depend upon the
desired thickness of adhesive coating required in the residuum.
It will be understood that the examples above given are for
purposes of getting the requisite adhesiveness in temperate
climates. An increase in resinous material or wild rubber may be
made for material to be used in colder climates and in warmer
climates the resin component may be reduced.
The resinous component may also be varied in its reactions
to solvents by choice of the resinous material. Thus, for purposes
of removal of the adhesive from some body to which it may be
applied, it may be made soluble to various organic solvents, either
benzol, gasoline, acetone or alcohol. Thus, where it is desirable to
make a surgeon’s tape, which is soluble in alcohol, an alcohol
soluble resin is added in the examples above cited. Such resin
may be Burgundy pitch. This will permit alcohol to be used in
removing a piece of adhesive tape from any surface, such as from
the skin of a patient, by merely soaking the backing of the tape
in alcohol. The rubber, in any event, merely acts as a vehicle for
the resin and the character of the adhesive in its reaction to
solvents will be dependent upon the character of the resin
incorporated with the rubber.
Dental Model Plaster
Dental models are made from a composition comprising at least
75% of calcium sulphate, ½ water, the weight by volume of which
“loosely put in” is above 0.9 gram per cubic centimeter and
“shaken in” above 1.45 grams per cubic centimeter, the “strewed
in quantity” of which, until a paste that can be poured is attained,
being at least 230 grams per 100 cubic centimeter and its “thickest
consistency” 300 grams per 100 cubic centimeter. In an example 95
parts by weight of a plaster of Paris having the above properties is
mixed with borax 0.05, potassium sulphate 0.5, pulverized marble
1.5 and pulverized quartz 3 parts, 330 grams of the mixture are
mixed with 100 cubic centimeters of water, setting in ½ hour and
having a Brinell hardness of about 7 kilograms per square millimeter
after 1 hour.
Furnace Cements
In boiler settings the firebricks are often set in a cement made
simply of ground firebrick, raw fireclay and water. Some shrinkage
takes place as the joints dry out. The strength of such cement is
developed only by the sintering which takes place when the
furnace is fired. Parts of the brickwork are never reached by the
firing, and these, if bonded simply with fireclay and water, never have
much strength.
One way of improving the cement is to add a small amount
of “N” or “0” Brand or “S” Brand silicate of soda to the mix. Up to
a quart per gallon of water may be used. This makes the cement
much more sticky. As it air dries, it does not shrink away from the
brick, but the wall remains gas-tight. The strength of the cement
previous to firing is greatly increased and the bond is amply strong
in the portions of the furnace which the higher heats do not reach.
“S” Brand gives a somewhat more refractory result than “N” or
“0.” A more alkaline silicate makes a stickier but somewhat less
refractory cement.
Resins, Gums and Waxes
SEALING WAXES
Sealing waxes comprise one subdivision of a large group of
compositions designed for sealing purposes, and since sealing
compositions cover a wide variety of materials, properties and
industries, only sealing waxes can be described in this article. Tliis
industry was originally developed in Europe, principally Germany,
and has been transplanted in the United States where the only
changes have been the introduction of less expensive materials.
They are used upon paper and bottle caps; the largest
consumers being banks, express companies and miscellaneous
organizations which are required to seal valuable documents and
packages for storage or shipment. The use upon bottles has been
displaced by the modern plastics and upon paper their properties
have been improved to meet the demands of recently developed
wrappings like Glassine and Cellophane.
The term sealing wax is a misnomer in that few contain any
wax at all and wax acts only as a filler for which less expensive
materials could be substituted. They comprise principally
plasticized resins with inorganic, fillers and pigments. The primary
requisites are smoothness of texture, brilliancy of gloss, absence of
obnoxious odors upon melting, wide range of softening points,
rehardening without the appearance of a rubbery behavior, retention
of color and fracturing without crumbling.
They are classified below according to form available for use
and types of paper to which they are to be applied.
Type A. Sticks, to be heated over a direct flame.
Type B. Bulk, to be heated in pots, electric or gas.
Synthetic Resin
One molecular weight of tricresyl phosphate is heated
to a temperature of 600-640° F. under a reflux condenser. At this
temperature three molecular weights of calcium oxide are added to
the hot tri-cresyl phosphate, the heating being temporarily
suspended. As the vigor of the resulting reaction subsides the
temperature declines. When the temperature falls to 475-500° F. the
heating is resumed and continued until the reaction product, when
cooled, solidifies to form a synthetic resin hard at ordinary
temperature.
Tri-phenyl phosphate may be substituted for the tri-cresyl
phosphate and the other oxides mentioned may be substituted
for the calcium oxide in the foregoing example. Small amounts
of tri-oxymethylene, for example, may be added during the
resinification; in amounts corresponding to any phenol or cresol
liberated by the reaction. Drying oils such as linseed oil and tung oil
and natural resins such as the varnish resins and rosins may be
incorporated in the product during resinification. The addition of
drying oils in amount approximating 5-10% (by weight) on the
synthetic resin or of natural resins in amounts approximating 5-20%
on the synthetic resin, for example, adds to the toughness of the
product.
The synthetic resin produced in accordance with the foregoing
example is light amber in color and water-resistant. It may be used
in thermo-plastic molding and in varnish, lacquer and impregnating
compositions. Fibrous materials impregnated with this synthetic
resin may be cured under heat and pressure to form materials having
excellent electrical and mechanical properties.
Thermoplastic Resin Compound
Natural shellac, preferably purified. is suitably ground or
powdered and mixed with preferably from about 30 per cent to
about 50 per cent by weight of finely powdered zinc oxide, or with
a suitable proportion of some other paring it in the presence of a
proportion in effective amounts of another resin that is soluble or
blendable there with when the two are in solution or melted of the
general type capable of forming a liquid of moderate to low
viscosity when melted. For example, 200 parts of shellac, 200 parts
of rosin, and 80 parts of zinc oxide by weight when heated and
stirred react and/or mix to form a homogeneous, hard, tough,
resinous mass with these desirable properties somewhat lessened,
aa compared with the pure new resin.
Similarly, take 200 parts of shellac, 200 parts of a meltable
vinyl resin and 80 parts of zinc oxide, treat the mixture in the same
manner and obtain a mixed resin of enhanced hardness.
The following compositions are illustrations of a wide range
in proportions of suitable diluting resins that may be added to zincshellac
compounds.
Dripless, Rigid Candle
Formula No. 1
A modified glyptal resin is prepared by heating a mixture of
202 parts phthalic anhydride, 40.5 parts phthalide and 92 parts
glycerin for 2-3 hours at 180° C. or until the desired degree of
esterification has bees reached. The product, dissolved in suitable
solvents, is coated onto ordinary stearin or “tallow” candles of
approximately 1¼ inches diameter by dipping or by painting with
a brush or stick, and allowed to harden. The treated candles have
a hard, glistening surface and do not feel greasy under the fingers.
They burn easily and without drip, and show no tendency to stick
together when packed together in a warm place.
The proportion of phthalide to phthalic anhydride may be
varied in order to vary the hardness of the resinous coating. Thus, for
example, a slightly softer resin is produced by using 60.5 parts of
phthalide and 191 parts phthalic anhydride in the above preparation,
and still greater plasticity is obtained by using 82 parts phthalide,
180 parts phthalic anhydride to 92 parts glycerin.
Corresponding amounts of other modifying agents may also
be used, such as benzoic acid, cottonseed oil and other fat acids, etc.
By this means, resinous coatings of any desired degree of hardness
may be obtained.
Formula No. 2
A mixture of 90 parts by weight of glycerin, 195 parts phthalic
reaction ceases and a clear product is obtained. The resin so
obtained is dissolved in acetone, amyl acetate or an alcohol and 50-
75 parts nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate or cellulose ether are
stirred in. The solution is thinned to the proper consistency,
preferably using benzol, toluol or other cheap solvent, and is
applied to wax or stearin candles by dipping, spraying or other
coating methods. The coating, after drying in air, is hard and
brilliant and produces a candle having a good appearance and
excellent burning qualities.
The coating composition may be further plasticized by the
addition of suitable amounts of high boiling esters, such as diethyl
or dibutyl phthalate, or phthalide, substituted phthalides or hydrogenated
phthalides may be used. Esters of keto aromatic acids,
such as the methyl, ethyl or propyl esters of benzoyl benzoic or
naphthoyl benzoic acid may also be used as plasticizers.
Disinfectants, Exterminators,Insecticides
Rat Extermination
Food or poison should always be put out at the same hour in
the evening, preferably at eight o’clock. Only new paper pie plates
should be used for the food or poison. The first night, put out a dozen
or more, depending on size of the premises, of plates of fresh hamburger.
If they do not eat this the first night, leave it a second night. The next
night put out about the same number or a few more plates of fresh
ground liver. The next night, as many or a few more plates of cheap
pink salmon. The next night, some more hamburger and the
next night, liver or liver and salmon. By this time the rats
will be waiting and squealing for the food at eight o’clock. The
fifth or sixth night, all three foods should be mixed separately
with 1½ ounces of “Red” Red Squill to the pound of food and put
on the paper plates separately, and three or four times as many
plates of the poisoned food set out than before of the unpoisoned
food.
Care should be taken that the poisoned and unpoisoned food
is not touched by human hands or anything that hands have
touched. A clean stick or other utensil should be used for mixing it
with the poison.
This method will exterminate all the rats in or near any
particular building.
Insecticide
Ethylene Dichloride ............................................... 3 oz.
Carbon Tetrachloride .............................................. 1 oz.
“Tuma’s” Insecticide
Carbon Disulphide .............................................. 200 cc.
Oil of Turpentine ................................................. 100 cc.
Completely Denatured Alcohol .......................... 200 cc.
Oil of Cloves .......................................................... 10 cc.
Bed Bug Spray
Deodorized Light Petroleum Oil ......................... 99 %
Cresylic Acid ........................................................... 1 %
Bed Bug Fluid
Formula No. 1
Paraffin Oil ............................................................. 50 gal.
Ortho-Dichlorbenzene ............................................. 2 gal.
Methyl Salicylate .................................................... 1 gal.
Formula No. 2
Paraffin Oil (Boiling Point 170° C.
to 240° C.) ....................................................... 1000 parts
Oil of Mirbane (Nitrobenzene) .............................. 2 parts
Cresol ........................................................................ 2 parts
Pyrethrum Flowers (Ground) .............................. 10 parts
Mothproofing Composition
Chlorohydroxy-m-Xylene .................................... 3-5 %
Trinitroisobutyl-m-Xylene .................................... 3-5 %
Magnesium Carbonate ..................................... 94-90 %
Mothproofing Composition
A mothproofing composition comprises a chlorinated
hydrocarbon ext. of cube incorporation in a mixture of light
hydrocarbon oil 9, and chlorinated hydrocarbon 1 part.
Mothproofing Fluid
A composition is made of a volatile solvent (water), a soluble
fluoride (0.5% of sodium fluoride), 0.2% of sodium tauro- and glycocholate
and carbon dioxide dissolved under pressure sufficient to
cause the spray to penetrate the goods.
Fireproof Moth Spray
Paradichlor Benzene ........................................... 1.0 lb.
Alcohol .................................................................. 3.5 lb.
Carbon Tetrachloride .......................................... 5.0 lb.
Tineol Moth Preventive
Naphthalene .......................................................... 80 g.
Chloroform ........................................................... 150 g.
Oil of Bergamot ........................................................ 5 g.
Oil of Cloves ........................................................... 10 g.
Oil of Lavender ..................................................... 15 g.
Benzine ..................................................................... 1 kg.
Treating Textile Materials To Proof
them Against Moths and Mildew
A composition for treating cotton, wool or rayon is prepared by
mixing egg albumin 6 pounds dissolved in water 125 gallons with a
rare earth acetate such as cerium acetate 66 pounds dissolved in 250
gallons of water.
Compound for Repelling Moths from Garments
Use pellets consisting of a mixture of parachlor-nitrobenzene
and para-dichlor-benzene in the ratio of 4-1: 1-4 (4: 1).
The preferred mixture does not stain fabrics at 69°.
Moth Briquette
Fine Cedar Wood Shavings ................................. 75 %
Vetivert Oil .............................................................. 2 %
Camphor .................................................................. 3 %
Stearic Acid ............................................................. 5 %
Paraffin Wax .......................................................... 15 %
Melt the stearic acid and paraffin. Add the oil to the camphor
and warm until dissolved. Then add this to the cooling wax mixture,
stir and pour into molds.
Fumigation with Propylene Dichloride Mixture
Commercial propylene dichloride containing 10% carbon
tetrachloride killed larvae of the European corn borer in corn stalks
when used in the proportion of 2 pounds per 100 cubic feet of space
at 15.6º to 25.6º, the exposure time being 24 hours. The method appears
applicable to the treatment of truck-crop produce prior to movement
from infested to non infested areas.
Mosquito Larvae Killer
Two-tenths of one per cent of a mixed potassium oleate and
coconut oil soap kills mosquito larvae and pupae.
“Nash’s” Mosquito Repellant
Oil of Citronella ...................................................... 1 oz.
Spirit of Camphor .................................................... 1 oz.
Oil of Cedar ............................................................. ½ oz.
Fumigant
A composition, which may be applied to match-heads, contains
gum benzoin 2, balsam of tolu 2, gum olibanum 2, powdered
sandalwood 2.5, potassium nitrate 2.25, gum tragacanth 1.3 and
water 16 pts. Carbon black may be added as coloring matter.
Fumigating Cones
Charcoal ................................................................. 46 %
Cascarilla ............................................................... 15 %
Gum Benzoin (Siam) ............................................ 13 %
Cardamoms .............................................................. 4 %
Cubebs ...................................................................... 3 %
Myrrh ........................................................................ 1 %
Saltpetre .................................................................... 5 %
Bergamot Oil ............................................................ 3 %
Peru Balsam ............................................................. 3 %
Cassia Oil ................................................................. 2 %
Sandalwood Oil ....................................................... 2 %
Patchouli Oil ............................................................ 1 %
Phenylethyl Alcohol ................................................ 1 %
Ionone (100 per cent) .............................................. 1 %
Sometimes the cones are colored, when, of course, they
must be made without charcoal, or with only very slight
amounts.
Rotenone Emulsion Insecticide
Formula No. 1
1 gram of pure rotenone is dissolved in 100 cubic centimeters
of pyridine. 1 cubic centimeter of this solution is added to 100 cubic
centimeters of distilled water and shaken gently. A pale opalescent
colloidal solution results which shows no evidence of separation over
an extended period of time.
Formula No. 2
5 grams of pure rotenone is dissolved in 100 cubic centimeters
of pyridine. 1 cubic centimeter of this solution is added to 100 cubic
centimeters of distilled water and shaken gently. A deeply opalescent
colloidal solution results which shows no evidence of separation
over an extended period of time.
Formula No. 3
1.2 grams of pure rotenone is dissolved in 100 cubic centimeters
a-picoline. 1 cubic centimeter of this solution is added to 100 cubic
centimeters distilled water and shaken gently. A colloidal solution of
medium opalescence results which shows no evidence of separation
during a considerable period of time.
Extracting Rotenone
Method No. 1
One gram of rotenone is dissolved in 50 cubic centimeters of
carbon tetrachloride at a temperature of 50° C. This solution is
allowed to cool to 20° C., when crystallization will occur. The
crystalline material which separates is filtered off and dried in the
air. The product so obtained is the pure addition compound of
rotenone and carbon tetrachloride.
Method No. 2
Fifty grams of the roots of Derris (Deguelia) sp. (tuba root) is
completely extracted in a continuous extractor with carbon,
tetrachloride. The extract is evaporated to a volume of 25 cubic
centimeters and cooled in a refrigerator. When crystallization is
complete the separated material is filtered, excess solvent
removed by suction and the needle-like crystalline product dried in
the air.
Method No. 3
Five kilograms of the roots of Lonchocarpus nicou (cube root)
is percolated with 30 to 40 liters of carbon tetrachloride at a
temperature of 50ºC. The extract so obtained is evaporated to a
volume of 1 liter. This evaporated extract is cooled until crystallization
occurs. The separated material is filtered, excess solvent removed by
suction and the crystalline mass dried in air.
The product obtained by the method outlined in Methods
No. 2 and 3 is substantially the addition compound of rotenone and
carbon tetrachloride in an impure state, but possesses insecticidal
properties, and may be purified by the method outlined above without
losing its insecticidal value.
Soluble Pine Oil Disinfectant
Raw Pine Oil .......................................................... 60 %
Sulfonated Castor Oil (50%) .................................. 30 %
Red Oil or Oleic Acid ............................................ 9 %
Potassium Hydroxide (Solid) .................................. 1 %
Mix the pine oil and the Sulfonated castor together. Then add
the red oil and dissolve the potassium hydroxide in the
mixed oils. These figures are by weight not by volume. This product
will give a milky emulsion in water which will not separate out
on standing.
“Soluble” Cresylic Acid Disinfectant
Cresylic Acid or Cresol .......................................... 50 %
Sulfonated Castor Oil (50%) .................................. 24 %
Red Oil or Oleic Acid ............................................... 7 %
Sodium or Potassium Hydroxide ........................... 1 %
Water ...................................................................... 18 %
Mix the red oil and cresol warm. Dissolve the hydroxide
in the water warming if necessary. Mix these two solutions
and add the Sulfonated castor. This product will give a stable
emulsion.
“Milky Disinfectant” for Cleaning Glassware
Light Coal Tar Oil (Sp. Gr. about 1.02
at G0° F.) .......................................................... 69.4 %
Rosin (Grade F) .................................................. 18.4 %
Caustic Soda Solution (Sp. Gr. 1.3) .................... 9.6 %
Water ..................................................................... 2.6 %
This formula is stated in percentages by weight.
Melt rosin and add oil, mix well. Add soda and mix. Add water.
This solution is especially useful for cleaning glassware that
has become dirty from tar and its by products.
Disinfecting Solution
Iodine ................................................................. 1000 parts
Dissolved in Aqueous Solution of
Sodium Iodide ............................................... 1104 parts
Potassium Iodide .................................................. 48 parts
Calcium Iodide ....................................................... 32 parts
The iodides being in approximately the same proportion as in
human blood.
Disinfectants
Pine Oil .............................................................. 57.00 %
Rosin .................................................................. 25.00 %
Caustic Potash (25% Solution) ......................... 8.50 %
Glucose ................................................................ 1.00 %
Water ................................................................... 8.50 %
The caustic potash and water are mixed and heated. When
boiling the rosin is added slowly and the heating is continued for
one hour taking care to stir mixture occasionally, then the pine oil is
added and the heating is continued until a sample that has been
withdrawn and poured into water does not show separation of oil.
When the test is satisfactory the heat is removed and the glucose is
added.
For use add one ounce to gallon of water. This disinfectant can
also be used for a cattle dip in the above proportions.
Coal Tar Disinfectant
Tar Acid Oil ...................................................... 66.00 %
Rosin .................................................................. 20.00 %
Caustic Soda (25% Solution) .......................... 10.30 %
Water ................................................................... 3.70 %
This disinfectant is made same as above and used in same
manner.
Cresylic Disinfectant (B.P.)
Cresol ...................................................................... 50 cc.
Linseed Oil ............................................................. 17 g.
Oleic Acid ................................................................ 1 g.
Potassium Hydroxide........................................... 4.2 g.
Distilled Water to ................................................. 100 cc.
The oil and acid are heated to the maximum temperature
of the water-bath and a solution of the potassium hydroxide
in 25 mils, of water, heated nearly to boiling, is added.
The mixture is well stirred, and heated with frequent stirring
until saponification is complete. If too much evaporation occurs the
soap may aggregate to a mass and float on the surface of the oil. This
is remedied by the addition of water. The dish is finally removed from
the water-bath and allowed to cool for five minutes. The cresol is
then dissolved in the soap without heat and the liquid adjusted to
volume.