CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. CARBONATION AND FILLING
Introduction
Carbonation
The nature and effects of carbonation
Properties of carbondioxide
Equilibrium pressure
Measurement of carbonation
Carbonation determination
Carbonators
Designs of carbonators
Air exclusion
Proportioners
Fillers and Filling Valves
Basic filling valve operation
Filling valve development and the
influence of ambient filling
3. FLAVOURINGS AND EMULSIONS
Flavourings
Legislation
Creation
Production
Emulsions
Manufacture
Application of Flavourings and Emulsions
Selection
Methods of use
Evaluations
4. GRAPE JUICE PROCESSING
History of Grape Juice Processing in North America
Grape Cultivars
The Chemistry of Grape Juice
Carbohydrates
Acids
Mineral content
Phenolic
Volatiles
Modern Grape Juice Processing
Harvesting/ripening
Stemmer/crusher operation
Hot-break process
De-juicing/pressing operation
Coarse filtration
Bulk storage and tartrate precipitation
Enzyme clarification
Polish (fine) filtration
Hot fill
Process Alternatives
Cold-pressing
Aseptic process
Concentration
Sulfur dioxide preservative
5. PROCESSING OF CITRUS JUICES
Introduction
Fruit Harvesting and Transport
Unloading and Storage of Fruit
Fruit Transfer from Storage Bins to Extractors
Juice Extraction and Finishing
Extractors
Finishing
Juice Processing for Pasteurized Single Strength
Juice Processing for Concentrate
Characteristics of 1950s evaporators
Modern evaporators for citrus fruit
Essence Recovery
Chilled Juice from Concentrate
Pulp Wash
Frozen Pulp Processing
Manufacture of Citrus Cold Pressed Oil
Manufacture of Livestock Feed from Citrus Peel
Peel dryer
Waste heat evaporator
6. APPLE JUICE
General Background
Juice extraction
Pomace disposal
Blending and packaging
Natural Style Juices
Clarified Juice and Concentrate
Enzyming
Pulp enzyming
Fining
Concentrates
Hazes and deposits
Authentication and Adulteration
Composition of Apple Juice
Sugars and sorbitol
Starch & pectin
Organic acids
Protein and amino acids
Polyphenols and colour
Minerals
Volatile components
Other flavour aspects
Microbiology
Food Tests
Test for the presence of pectin in clarified Juice
Test for the presence of starch
Test fining with gelatin
Test fining with gelatin/kieselsol
Test for overfining
7. CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY OF CITRUS JUICES AND BY-PRODUCTS
Principal Citrus Cultivars
Origin of citrus
Commercial citrus regions
Citrus growing areas
Effect of frost
Effect of soil
Composition and Structure of Citrus Fruits and Juices of Various Cultivars
General relationship
Organic acids
Carbohydrates
Color pigments
Vitamins and inorganic constituents
Flavonoids
Lipids
Operational Procedures and Effects on Quality and Shelf Life of Citrus Juices
Outline of good manufacturing and processing procedures
Concentrate handling for reprocessing and/or Reconstruction
Sanitation or stabilization
Water for reconstitution use
Processing of chilled high and low pulp reconstituted orange juice
Finished product handling and storage
Citrus Juice Flavor Enhancement with Natural Citrus Volatiles
Components of citrus juice flavor
Citrus flavor enhancement technology
Citrus oils and aroma and their recovery
Pectic Substances and Relationship of Citrus Enzymes to Juice Quality
Effect of Time, Temperature and other Factors on Citrus Products
8. TROPICAL FRUIT JUICES
Introduction
Guava
Mango
Passionfruit
Pineapple
Other Tropical Fruits
Acerola
Banana
Kiwifruit
Lulo
Papaya
Soursop
Umbu
Tropical Fruit Juices in Europe Today
The Future
9. WHISKY
Introduction
History of Whisky Production
Outline of the Whisky-producing Process
Individual Operations
Raw materials
Mashing and cooking
Fermentation
Distillation
Maturation and ageing
Blending and colouring
Effluent disposal and spent grains recovery
Organoleptically Important Components of Whisky
Concentrations of organoleptically important compounds
Chemical nature of organoleptically important compounds
Contribution of compounds to organoleptic properties
Origin of organoleptically important compounds
10. BEER
Introduction
Historical Aspects of Brewing
Prehistoric and early historic
Brewing in Europe
Outline of the Brewing Process
Malting
Suitability of barley for brewing
the malting process
Kilning
Mashing
Brewing liquor
Mash-tun ingredients other than malt
Mashing systems
Enzymolysis in the mash tun
Sparging
Direct Conversion of Barley to wort
Wort Boiling and Cooling
General
Hops and hopping
Wort clarification and cooling
Fermentation
Brewing yeasts
Biochemical events during brewing fermentations
Physical behaviour of yeast
Fermentation systems
Beer Treatments
Maturation and conditioning
Haze prevention
Yeast removal
Pasteurization
Post-fermentation bittering
Beer Properties
Colour and clarity
Foam
Flavour and aroma
General composition and dietary value of beer
Beer Defects
Gushing
Microbiological spoilage
Oxidation flavour, stale flavour and other off-flavours
The State of the Industry
Types of beer brewed
11. RUM
Introduction
Production of Rum
Types of rum and the raw materials used
Pretreatment of the raw materials
Fermentation
Distillation
Maturing
Aroma Compounds of Rum and their Formation
Higher alcohols
Fatty acids
Esters
Phenolic compounds
Nitrogenous compounds
Sulphur-containing compounds
Lactones
Carbonyl compounds
12. TABLE WINES
Introduction
Some Economic Aspects of the History of Wine Making
Grapes
Must Treatment
Alcoholic Fermentation
Post Fermentation Operations
Microbiological Stabilization
Malo-lactic fermentation
Microbiological spoilage,
Sulphur dioxide addition
13. MICROBREWERY
The Brewing Process
Process of Brewing Beer
Brewery Equipments
14. SUGARCANE JUICE PROCESSING, PRESERVATION
AND ASEPTIC PACKAGING
Sugar Processing - Juice Extraction,
Clarification and Concentration
Nutritional Composition
Sugarcane Juice Extraction
15. SAMPLE PLANT LAYOUT
16. PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS (PFD)
17. PHOTOGRAPHS OF MACHINERY WITH SUPPIER’S CONTACT DETAILS