1. RADIATION EFFECTS ON LUBRICANTS

Introduction

Interaction of Radiation with Organic Matter

General Physical Effects of Radiolysis

Base Oils

The Radiation Environment

Hydrocarbons (Petroleum Oils)

Alkylaromatics

Ethers

Esters

Silicones

Halogenated Compounds

Additives

Radiation Damage Inhibitors

Antioxidants

Viscosity Index Improvers

Antiwear Additives

Extreme Pressure (EP) Agents

Foam Inhibitors

Rust Inhibitors

Environmental Factors

Effects of Radiation Type and Intensity

Role of Temperature

Influence of Oxygen

Oil Lubricants

General: Commerical formulations

Based on Alkylaromatic Fluids

Fluids Based on Poly (phenyl ethers)

Steam Turbine Oils

Aircraft Turbine Oils

Hydraulic Fluids

Lubricating Greases

Gelling Agents

CONTENTS

Base Oils

Commerical Greases

Greases of Enhanced Radiation Resistance

Dynamic Tests

Principles

2. THERMAL CRACKING OF PURE SATURATED

HYDROCARBONS 65-102

Introduction

Experimental Methods

Batch Reactors

Flow Reactors

Residence Time

Volume Change on Reaction

Kinetics of the Cracking Process

Rates of Decomposition

Straight Chain Paraffins

Correlation of the Rate Constants for n-Paraffins

Effect of Branching on the Rate of Decomposition

Effect of Pressure on the Decomposition of Paraffinic

Hydrocarbons

Rates of Decomposition–Saturated Cyclic Hydrocarbons

Estimation of Rate Constant of Decomposition

APPENDIX

Calculation of Product Distribution from Paraffin Cracking by the Rice-Kossiakoff Method.

3. PETROLEUM ASPHALTS

Chemical and Physical Composition

Possible Structures of the Nuclei in Resins and Asphaltenes

Manufacture of Asphalt from Petroleum

uses of Asphalts

4. REFINERY PRODUCTS

Low-boiling Products

Gasoline

Gasoline Specifications

Distillate Fuels

Jet and Turbine Fuels

Automotive Diesel Fuels

Railroad Diesel Fuels

Heating Oils

Residual Fuel Oils

5. REFINERY FEEDSTOCKS

Crude Oil Properties

1. API Gravity

2. Sulfur Content, Wt%

3. Pour Point, °F (°C)

4. Carbon Residue, Wt%

5. Salt Content, 1lb/1000 bbl

6. Characterization Factors

7. Nitrogen Content, Wt%

8. Distilation Range

9. Metals Content, ppm

10. Total Acid Number

Composition of Petroleum

1. Paraffins

2. Olefins

3. Naphthenes (Cycloparaffins)

4. Aromatics

Crudes Suitable for Asphalt Manufacture

Crude Distillation Curves

Problems

6. BLENDING AND COMPOUNDING

7. OIL REFINING

Introduction

General Aspects of Oil Refining

Crude Oils and Products

Crude Oil Constituents

Classification of Crude Oils

Oil Products

1. Gas Fuels

2. Liquid Fuels

Nonfuel Applications

Oil Refining Processes

Crude Oil Distillation

Atmospheric Distillation

Vacuum Distillation

Crude Oil Desalting

Catalytic Cracking (Cat Cracking)

Hydrotreating

Distillate Hydrotreating

Pyrolysis Gasoline Hydrotreating

Desulfurizing by Adsorption

Catalytic Reforming

Introduction

Semiregenerative Reformer

Fully Regenerative Reformer

Continuously Regenerative Reformer

Hydrocracking

Residue Conversation Process Introduction

Fundamentals of Residue Conversion and Process Options

Hydrogen Addition (‘‘H-in’’) Processes

Residue Hydrotreating (Demetallization, Desulfurization,

Denitrification)

Residue Hydrocracking (Hydroconversion)

Carbon Rejection (‘‘C-out’’) Processes

Thermal Processes (Visbreaking, Coking)

Catalytic Processes (Residue Cat Cracking)

Other Processes

Extraction of Asphaltenes

Partial Oxidation

Process Combinations

Gasoline Upgrading Processes

1. Alkylation

2. Polymerization

3. Isomerization

4. Production of Ethers (MTBE, ETBE)

Other Processes

Gas Treating

Sulfur Recovery

Catalysts

Environmental Protection in Oil Refining

Introduction

Manufacturing Emissions

Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons in Air

Hydrocarbons in Wastewater

Hydrocarbons in Soil and Groundwater

Sulfur and Nitrogen Compounds

Sulfur Compounds

Nitrogen Compounds

Consumer Related Emissions

Transportation Fuels

Motor Gasoline

Diesel Fuel

Marine Fules

Fuels for Heat Generation

Cost of Environmental Conservation

Integrated Refinery Models

Trends of Refinery Structures

Hydroskimming Refinery

Conversion Concepts

Cat Cracking – Visbreaking Refinery

Hydrocraking- Cat Cracking Refinery

Hydrocracking – Coking Refinery

Integration of Existing Refineries

Corrosion and Materials

Testing and Analysis

Crude Oil and Product Properties

Testing Methods and Standards

Storage and Transport

8. RESIDUAL FUEL OILS

History

Specifications For Residual Fuels

Fluidity

Thermal Stability

Explosiveness

Pacific Specifications for Fuel Oils

Detailed Inspections of Heavy Fuels

End uses of Residual Fuel Oils

Steam Boilers

Industrial Applications

Diesel Engines

Gas Turbines

Gas-enrichment Oils

Problems Associated with Utilization

Sulfur in Residual Fuel Oils

Ash Possible Source of Contaminants

Soot and Carbon Particles

Instability and Incompatibility

The Combustion of Residual Fuels

Heating Value

Chemistry of Combustion

Flue-gas Analysis

Humidity in Air and Flue Gases

Heat Content of Flue Gases

Specific Heat of Fuel Oils

Residual Fuel Oil Burners

9. DISTILLATE HEATING OILS

Status of the Heating-Oil Industry

Burners, Controls and Tanks

Central-Heating Systems

Burning Qualities in Oils

Stability in Heating Oils

Handling and Delivery

10. FORMULATIONS OF PETROLEUM

11. PHOTOGRAPHS OF MACHINERY WITH SUPPLIERS CONTACT DETAILS