1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Types
1.1.1. Wood
1.1.2. Biogas
1.1.3. Biodiesel
1.1.4. Ethanol
1.1.5. Methanol
1.1.6. Butanol
1.2. Benefits
1.2.1. They are Renewable Sources of Energy
1.2.2. Sovereignty
1.2.3. Ensure Sustainable Economy
1.2.4. Low Costs
1.2.5. Cleanest Fuel
1.2.6. Production of Less Smoke
1.2.7. They Help to Reduce Monopoly
1.2.8. Lower Toxicity in the Atmosphere
1.2.9. They are a Source of Employment for Locals
1.2.10. They do not Produce Sulfur
1.2.11. Promotion of Agriculture
2. ETHANOL
2.1. Production Process
2.1.1. Hydrolysis of Starch and Cellulose followed by Fermentation of Glucose to Ethanol
2.2. Applications
2.3. Uses
2.3.1. Medical
2.3.2. Recreational
2.3.3. Fuel
2.4. Chemistry
2.4.1. Chemical Formula
2.4.2. Physical Properties
2.4.3. Solvent Properties
2.4.4. Flammability
2.5. Technology
3. ETHANOL PRODUCTION
3.1. History of Ethanol
3.2. Most Motor Gasoline Now Contains Fuel Ethanol
3.2.1. Sugar-to-Ethanol Process
3.2.2. Starch-to-Ethanol Process
3.2.3. Cellulose-to-Ethanol Process
3.2.4. Distillation and Dehydration Process
3.3. Technology Applications for Bioethanol
3.4. Ethanol and The Environment
4. ETHANOL PRODUCTION PROCESS FROM SUGARCANE
4.1. Cleaning of Sugarcane, Extraction of Sugars and Juice Treatment
4.2. Juice Concentration and Sterilization
4.3. Distillation and Dehydration
5. ETHANOL PRODUCTION PROCESS FROM SUGARCANE BAGASSE
5.1. Pre-Hydrolysis of Hemicellulose
5.2. Cellulose Hydrolysis and Solvent Recovery
6. ETHANOL PRODUCTION PROCESS FROM CELLULOSIC
6.1. Cellulosic Production Process
6.1.1. Pretreatment
6.1.2. Enzyme Hydrolysis
6.1.3. Fermentation
6.1.4. Distillation
6.1.5. Fuel Ethanol
7. BIOFUEL
7.1. How Biofuel is Made
7.1.1. Biofuel Conversion Processes Deconstruction
• High-Temperature Deconstruction
• Low-Temperature Deconstruction
7.2. Production of Common Biofuels
7.3. Biofuels are Classified in the following four Categories:
• First-Generation Biofuels.
• Second-Generation Biofuels
• Third-Generation Biofuels
• Fourth-Generation Biofuels
7.4. Types
7.4.1. Gaseous Biofuel
7.4.2. Liquid Biofuel
8. BIOFUEL PRODUCTION FROM BIOMASS CROPS
8.1. Biomass Production
8.1.1. Introduction
8.1.2. The Holistic Approach
8.2. Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Biofuel
8.2.1. Bioethanol from Sugar Beet
8.2.2. Biological Hydrogen from Sweet Sorghum
8.3. Few Crops and their Residues
8.3.1. Arhar
8.3.2. Bajra
8.3.3. Banana
8.3.4. Barley
8.3.5. Coconut
8.3.6. Coffee
8.3.7. Coriander
8.3.8. Cotton
8.3.9. Dry Chilly
8.3.10. Dry Ginger
8.3.11. Green Gram
8.3.12. Ground Nut
8.3.13. Jowar
8.3.14. Maize
8.3.15. Mango
8.3.16. Masoor
8.3.17. Moong
8.3.18. Moth
8.3.19. Mustard
8.3.20. Potato
8.3.21. Soyabean
8.3.22. Sugarcane
8.3.23. Tea
9. BIOFUEL BRIQUETTES FROM BIOMASS
9.1. Properties of Biomass Briquettes
9.2. Uses and Applications of Briquette
9.3. Feedstock
9.4. Market
9.5. Pre-processing of Biomass Residues
9.6. Bio-briquette Manufacturing Process
9.6.1. Advantages of Biomass Briquetting
9.7. Comparative Characteristics of Bio Briquettes
9.8. Briquetting Plant
10. BIOMASS RENEWABLE ENERGY
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Types of Biomass
10.3. Lignocellulosic Biomass
10.4. Crops and Vegetables
10.5. Waste Biomass
10.6. Properties of Biomass
10.6.1. Physical Properties
Densities
True Density
Apparent Density
Bulk Density
10.6.2. Thermodynamic Properties
(a) Thermal Conductivity
(b) Specific Heat
(c) Heat of Formation
(d) Heat of Combustion (Reaction)
(e) Heating Value
(f) Ignition Temperature
10.7. Important Constituents of Lignocellulosic Feedstocks
10.7.1. Benefits of Biomass
10.7.2. Disadvantages of Biomass
10.8. Biomass Pyramids
10.8.1. Compaction Characteristics of Biomass and Their Significance
10.8.2. Effect of Particle Size
10.8.3. Effect of Moisture
10.8.4. Effect of Temperature of Biomass
10.8.5. Effect of Temperature of the Die
10.8.6. Effect of External Additives
10.8.7. Unit Operations
10.8.8. Anaerobic Digestion
10.9. Biomass Energy in India
11. PROSPECTIVE RENEWABLE RESOURCE FOR BIO-BASED PROCESSES
11.1. Waste Biomass
11.2. Types of Waste Biomass
11.2.1. Lignocellulose
11.2.2. Lignocellulose Composition
11.2.3. Cellulose
11.2.4. Hemicellulose
11.2.5. Lignin
11.3. Residual Biomasses and the Biorefinery Associated Concept
11.3.1. Bio-Based Processes
11.3.2. Value Addition of Waste Biomass
11.3.3. Biotransformation of Biomass
11.3.4. Transformation of Marine Process Wastes
11.3.5. Biotransformation of Biotechnological Process Wastes
11.3.6. Biochemical Extraction from Biomass
12. BIOMASS BASED ACTIVATED CARBON
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Biomass Pyrolysis and Char Activation
12.3. Biomass Properties
12.3.1. Lab-Scale Pyrolysis
12.3.2. Lab-scale Activation
12.3.3. Activation Results
12.3.4. Pore Size Distribution
12.3.5. Generation of Granular Activated Carbon
12.3.6. Rotary Kiln Reactor for Char Activation
12.4. Composition of Biological Activated Carbon Process
12.4.1. Composition and Application
• Basic Principles of Biological Activated Carbon Technology
• Application Fields and the Typical Process Flow of Biological
Activated Carbon Technology
• Basic Operational Parameters of BAC Process
12.5. O3-BAC Process and the Evaluation of Ozonation
12.5.1. Mechanism and Characteristics of O3-BAC Process
12.6. Effect of Ozonation on Molecule Weight Distribution and the Molecule Structure of Organic Matters
12.6.1. Effect of Ozonation on Molecule Weight Distribution of Organic Matters
12.6.2. Effect of Ozonation on the Structure of Organic Matters
12.6.3. Improvement of Biochemical Properties of Organics by Ozonation
12.6.4. Improvement of Ozonation on Biodegradability of Organic Matters
13. BIOMASS BASED CHEMICALS
13.1. Chemicals from Biomass as Feedstock
13.2. Biomass Conversion Chemicals
13.2.1. Methane
13.2.2. Methanol
13.3. Production of Methanol from Biomass
13.4. Uses and Applications of Methanol
13.4.1. Waste Water Treatment
13.4.2. Environmentally Friendly
13.4.3. Chemical Intermediate and Fuel
13.4.4. Safety in Automotive Fuels
13.4.5. Government Policy
13.4.6. Other Applications
13.5. Ethanol
13.5.1. Properties of Ethanol
13.5.2. Ethanol Production Process from Sugarcane
13.6. Cleaning of Sugarcane, Extraction of Sugars and Juice Treatment
13.6.1. Juice Concentration and Sterilization
13.6.2. Fermentation
13.6.3. Distillation and Dehydration
13.6.4. Acetic Acid
13.6.5. Ethylene
13.6.6. Glycerol
13.6.7. Lactic Acid
13.6.8. Acetone
13.7. Butanol
13.7.1. Sorbitol
14. BIOMASS GASIFICATION
14.1. Gasification Reactor Types
14.1.1. Moving Bed (Fixed Bed)
14.1.2. Down-draft Gasifiers
14.1.3. Up-draft Gasifier
14.1.4. Fluidized Bed Gasifier
14.1.5. Bubbling Fluidized Bed
14.1.6. Circulating Fluidized Bed Gasifier
14.1.7. Entrained-Flow Reactor
14.2. Gasification Reactions and Steps
14.2.1. Gasifying Medium
14.2.2. Chemical Reactions
1. Reactions with Molecular Oxygen
2. Reactions with Carbon Dioxide
3. Reactions with Steam
4. Reactions with Hydrogen
14.3. Fuel-Gas Production and Utilization
14.3.1. Synthesis Gas Production
14.4. The Gasification Process
14.4.1. Drying
14.4.2. Pyrolysis
14.5. Char Gasification Reactions
14.5.1. Speed of Char Reactions
14.5.2. Boudouard Reaction
14.5.3. Water–Gas Reaction
14.5.4. Shift Reaction
14.5.5. Hydrogasification Reaction
14.5.6. Char Combustion Reactions
14.6. Catalytic Gasification
14.7. Catalyst Selection Criteria
14.7.1. Advantages and Limitations
14.8. Generation of Thermal Energy from Wood through Biomass Gasification System
14.9. Scope of Supply
14.10. Equipment Description
14.11. Appendix & Annexure
15. BIOCHEMICAL FROM BIOMASS
15.1. Biomass Conversion
15.1.1. Thermo Chemical Conversion
15.1.2. Combustion
15.1.3. Gasification
15.1.4. Pyrolysis
15.1.5. Biochemical Conversion
15.1.6. Fermentation
15.1.7. Anaerobic Digestion
15.1.8. Mechanical Extraction
15.2. Biochemical from Biomass
15.2.1. Biomethanation
15.2.2. Feature of Biomethanation
15.2.3. Mechanism of Biomethanation
15.2.4. Current Status
15.2.5. Ethanol Fermentation
15.2.6. Ethanol Fermentation of Saccharine Materials
15.2.7. Ethanol Fermentation of Starch
15.2.8. Ethanol Fermentation of Lignocellulosics
(a) Concentrated Sulfuric Acid Process
(b) Dilute Sulfuric Acid Process
15.2.9. Acetone-Butanol Fermentation
15.2.10.Characteristics of Acetone-Butanol Fermentation
15.2.11.Reactions of Acetone-Butanol Fermentation
15.2.12. Energy Efficiency of Acetone-Butanol Fermentation
15.2.13. Products of Acetone-Butanol Fermentation
15.2.14. Hydrogen Fermentation
15.2.15. Characteristics of Hydrogen Fermentation
15.2.16. Reactions of Hydrogen Fermentation
15.2.17. Energy Efficiency of Hydrogen Fermentation
15.2.18. Products of Hydrogen Fermentation
15.2.19. Lactic Acid Fermentation
15.2.20. Lactic Acid Bacteria
15.2.21. Biomass Resources for Lactic Acid Fermentation
15.2.22. Utilization of Unused Biomass from Palm Oil Industry
15.2.23. Lactic Acid Fermentation from Kitchen Garbage
15.2.24. Purification of Lactic Acid
15.2.25. Silage
15.2.26. Silage Making
15.2.27. Silage Fermentation
15.2.28. Roll Bale Silage
15.3. Composting
15.3.1. Basic Principles of Composting
15.3.2. Basic Elements of Composting
(a) Preprocessing
(b) Fermentation
(c) Product Forming Process
15.4. Current Composting Technology
16. REUSE OF BIO-GENIC IRON OXIDES AND WOODY BIOMASS FLY ASH
IN CEMENT BASED MATERIALS AND AGRICULTURAL AREAS
16.1. Introduction
16.2. Materials and Methods
16.2.1. Preparation of Hardened Cement Paste Specimens
16.2.2. Monolith Leaching Test
16.3. Characterization of WBFA
16.4. Leaching Behavior of Blended Cement Pastes
17. BIS SPECIFICATIONS
18. PHOTOGRAPHS OF MACHINERY WITH SUPPLIERS CONTACT DETAILS
- Charcoal Briquettes Machine
- Automatic Agrowaste Cum Biomass Briquette Making Machine
- Automatic Biomass Briquette Machine
- Agro Waste Biomass Briquetting Plant
- Biomass Pellet Making Machine
- Activated Carbon Making Plant
- Biodiesel Plant
- Fuel Ethanol Plant
- Automatic Bioethanol Plant
- Fully Automatic Fly Ash Brick Making Machine
- Biomass Gasification Plant
- Fluid Bed Gasifier for Thermal & Electrical
- Acetic Acid Recovery Plant
19. PLANT LAYOUT & PROCESS FLOW CHART